ABSTRACT
PrefaceThe 16th International Conference on the Modelling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes (MCWASP XVI) was held from June 18 to 23, 2023, in Banff, Canada, at the Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity. Founded in 1933, the Centre in Treaty 7 Territory within Banff National Park—Canada's first National Park—is a learning organization built upon an extraordinary legacy of excellence in artistic and creative development. The "all-inclusive” nature of the conference and the remote setting meant that participants dined, attended oral and poster presentations, and participated in social activities as a group, fostering outstanding opportunities for networking.Given that the MCWASP community had not met in person since 2015 in Japan (the 2020 edition of MCWASP was virtual owing to COVID-19), the 2023 conference provided the opportunity to renew old friendships and make new ones as well as discuss the science of solidification and related processes—all within the backdrop of the beautiful Canadian Rocky Mountains.The technical program comprised more than 70 oral and poster presentations. In addition to content related to modelling of casting, welding, and advanced solidification processes, keynotes were invited to talk about related subjects (artificial intelligence/machine learning, and permeability modelling in shale rock) as well as the rich diversity of fossils, especially dinosaurs, found in Alberta.The oral technical program was organized with as a single session (i.e., no concurrent presentations). It featured all aspects of solidification modelling, including solidification process technologies (continuous and semi-continuous casting, shape casting, additive manufacturing, and welding), coupled multi-physics simulations, defect formation, fluid flow, micro- and macro-structure formation, numerical methods, and related experimentation, especially in-situ observation of solidification.The four-day technical program was spread over five days to give participants the opportunity to explore the stunning Canadian Rocky Mountains.In these proceedings, the papers are organized by major theme. The dominant topics are Additive Manufacturing and Welding and Microstructure Formation, followed by Continuous Casting – Shape Casting, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Alloy Segregation, Defects, Imaging of Solidification, Thermomechanics, and Materials Properties. In these themes, the authors report advances in numerical modelling techniques, new scientific and process developments in solidification, and related in-situ experimentation.Although significant progress has been made over these past 16 MCWASP conferences covering 43 years, it is clear that the complexity of advanced solidification phenomena as related to conventional and emerging manufacturing technologies still attracts a great deal of scientific and industrial interest to support technological innovation.André PhillionBanff, Canada, June 2023MCWASP XVI 2023List of Peer Reviewers, Sponsors, MCWASP XVI Organizers, International Scientific Committee are available in this Pdf.
ABSTRACT
Professionals in industries are making progress in creating predictive techniques for evaluating critical characteristics and reactions of engineered materials. The objective of this investigation is to determine the optimal settings for a 3D printer made of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) in terms of its conflicting responses (flexural strength (FS), tensile strength (TS), average surface roughness (Ra), print time (T), and energy consumption (E)). Layer thickness (LT), printing speed (PS), and infill density (ID) are all quantifiable characteristics that were chosen. For the experimental methods of the prediction models, twenty samples were created using a full central composite design (CCD). The models were verified by proving that the experimental results were consistent with the predictions using validation trial tests, and the significance of the performance parameters was confirmed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The most crucial element in obtaining the desired Ra and T was LT, whereas ID was the most crucial in attaining the desired mechanical characteristics. Numerical multi-objective optimization was used to achieve the following parameters: LT = 0.27 mm, ID = 84 percent, and PS = 51.1 mm/s; FS = 58.01 MPa; TS = 35.8 MPa; lowest Ra = 8.01 m; lowest T = 58 min; and E = 0.21 kwh. Manufacturers and practitioners may profit from using the produced numerically optimized model to forecast the necessary surface quality for different aspects before undertaking trials.
ABSTRACT
The global supply chain disruption by the COVID-19 pandemic is difficult, if not impossible, to estimate as over 94% of the top 1000 fortune companies were badly affected. The need for building resilient supply chains to mitigate the effect of such disruptions is rising rapidly than ever before across the global business spectrum. Building resilience in the automotive spare parts (ASPs) supply chain is critically important as any disruption to automotive spares supply chain will affect the operations of the logistics sector, the backbone of global supply chains. This research work contributes to improving the resilience of the automotive spare parts supply chain by proposing a Viable Supply Chain (VSC) framework design that incorporates Additive Manufacturing (AM) enabled trucks in the automotive spares supply chain network. Based on the proposed model, conceptual case models are developed and tested with proposed AM enabled truck manufacturing closer to end customer. A heuristic approach called shortest time heuristic is also proposed to solve the routing and scheduling of an AM enabled truck to deliver customers' orders of the spare parts through an online platform. Importantly, the study demonstrate how additive manufacturing can help the ASPs industry to switch from the existing practice of make-to-stock to a more efficient inventory management and cost saving make-to-order model while also achieving resilience and sustainability in by providing a source of spares support for discontinued models of vehicles.
ABSTRACT
3D PRINTING OF MAGNETIC SEPARATOR: AN AFFORDABLE APPROACH TO SAMPLE PREPARATION IN THE COVID-19 DIAGNOSIS. This report describes the fabrication of a low-cost magnetic separator holder combining 3D printing and compact neodymium blocks for allowing magnetic extraction and purification of RNA from samples collected by nasopharyngeal swab from patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. The device was designed to contain 24 entrances for plastic microtubes in an arrangement like a commercial device. The proof of concept of the proposed device was successfully demonstrated through the sample extraction and purification of swab samples collected from eight patients suspected of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The sample preparation protocol was performed using a commercial kit containing magnetic beads and different solutions. The performance of the printed device was compared to a commercial magnetic separator, usually employed in the golden standard techniques. The fabrication of the 3D printed magnetic separator was completed under optimized printing conditions within 6 h at cost of 4 USD per unit. The RNA extracted from samples using both devices was analyzed by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and the achieved results have indicated no statistical different at confidence level of 95%. Based on the achievements, the use of 3D printing and neodymium blocks have demonstrated an alternative route to be used in routing analysis associated to COVID-19 diagnosis.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the vulnerability of global supply chains of many products. One area that requires improved supply chain resilience and that is of particular importance to electronic designers is the shortage of basic dual in-line package (DIP) electronic components commonly used for prototyping. This anecdotal observation was investigated as a case study of using additive manufacturing to enforce contact between premade, off-the-shelf conductors to allow for electrical continuity between two arbitrary points by examining data relating to the stock quantity of electronic components, extracted from Digi-Key Electronics. This study applies this concept using an open hardware approach for the design, testing, and use of a simple, parametric, 3-D printable invention that allows for small outline integrated circuit (SOIC) components to be used in DIP package circuits (i.e., breadboards, protoboards, etc.). The additive manufacture breakout board (AMBB) design was developed using two different open-source modelers, OpenSCAD and FreeCAD, to provide reliable and consistent electrical contact between the component and the rest of the circuit and was demonstrated with reusable 8-SOIC to DIP breakout adapters. The three-part design was optimized for manufacturing with RepRap-class fused filament 3-D printers, making the AMBB a prime candidate for use in distributed manufacturing models. The AMBB offers increased flexibility during circuit prototyping by allowing arbitrary connections between the component and prototyping interface as well as superior organization through the ability to color-code different component types. The cost of the AMBB is CAD $0.066/unit, which is a 94% saving compared to conventional PCB-based breakout boards. Use of the AMBB device can provide electronics designers with an increased selection of components for through-hole use by more than a factor of seven. Future development of AMBB devices to allow for low-cost conversion between arbitrary package types provides a path towards more accessible and inclusive electronics design as well as faster prototyping and technical innovation.
ABSTRACT
Building a resilient and stable supply chain has become an important strategy for many countries. Studies have shown that the application of additive manufacturing (AM) technology in construction can help offset the negative impact of "black swan events” on supply chains. This study examines the construction industry based on AM technology and analyzes the impact of changes in the industry chain on the supply chains. The specific factors that affect the resilience of AM construction supply chains were identified through literature research and expert interviews, including 7 dimensions and 21 secondary indicators. An intuitionistic fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (IFAHP) evaluation model was established. Finally, an example of an AM construction manufacturer, YC Enterprise, was introduced to quantify the various factors and determine the weights. The results show that the essence of building a supply chain with AM is creating a closed-loop supply chain. The impact of AM construction manufacturers on supply chain resilience (SCR) is the most critical, followed by that of regulatory authorities and general contractors. The AM construction SCR assessment index system and evaluation method constructed in this paper have important significance in filling the gap in the quantitative evaluation of the impact of AM on supply chains.
ABSTRACT
The construction industry builds the essential infrastructure and contributes to the economic development of any nation. The productivity of the construction industry has been lagging behind manufacturing for many decades. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of the industry and its severe dependencies on manual, labour-oriented practices. The industry needs to become resilient and rebound quickly to recover from the impacts of the pandemic. The 3D printing or additive manufacturing concept offers to automate the processes of construction, improve efficiencies in design & construction, reduce wastage and sustainable development. The present paper intends to summarize the developments, trends, and application areas through a scientometric review. Research articles were obtained from the Scopus database. The USA leads the research studies followed by China, Australia, the UK and Germany. 339 documents were obtained from the initial search. These were systematically filtered for review through the PRISMA framework. The screened 193 articles were quantitatively analyzed through the VOS viewer software. The study summarizes the current research trends, themes, and future research trends. The study contributes to the existing body of knowledge and intends to raise awareness of the concept and encourage researchers and practitioners to adopt the concept on a larger scale, especially in India. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic produced unprecedented challenges to healthcare and medical device manufacturing (e.g. personal protective device and replacement part shortages). Additive manufacturing, 3D printing, and the maker community were uniquely positioned to respond to these needs by providing in-house design and manufacturing to meet the needs of clinicians and hospitals. This paper reviews the pandemic response of Children's Hospital of Philadelphia CHAMP 3D Lab, a point-ofcare3D printing team that supports clinical and research projects across the hospital network. The CHAMP team responded to a variety of COVID-19 healthcare needs including providing protective eyewear and ventilator components, creating a transport hook, and designing a novel transparent facemask. This case series details our response to these needs, describing challenges experienced and lessons learned in overcoming them so that others may learn from our experiences. Challenges to responding to the pandemic included the need to handle urgent pandemic related requests in addition to our standard fare. This required us to not only expand our capacity without additional resources, but also to develop a system of prioritization. Specific changes made included: streamlining workflows, identifying safety review processes, and developing/enlisting a network of collaborators. Further, we consider how to transition to a future, post-pandemic world without losing the cohesive drive of emergency-induced innovation. This paper aims to share what we have learned and to encourage both teams currently engaged in the printing community and those looking to join it © 2021 The Authors
ABSTRACT
3D printing technology (3DP) as additive manufacturing is an innovative design technology that can meet the individual nutritional and sensory needs of consumers. Therefore, the aim of this work was to apply 3DP in the production of a strawberry-based functional product with the addition of two hydrocolloids (corn and wheat starch) in three proportions (10, 15 and 20%) and to investigate the influence of 3DP process parameters on physico-chemical and textural properties, as well as the bioactive and antioxidant potential and microbiological stability, with(out) the addition of natural antimicrobial agents. Starch type had a significant effect on all tested bioactive compounds, as well as on starch content, except for total phenolic and hydroxycinnamic acid contents. Considering the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity, program 2 proved to be more suitable than program 1. All samples exhibited good textural properties, a high degree of stability and minimal geometric deviations. Regarding microbiological safety, no pathogenic bacteria were found in the 3DP samples during storage. The 3DP sample with added citral at a concentration of 75 mg L-1 showed the best microbiological quality. Ultimately, 3DP can be successfully used for the production of new strawberry-based functional products.
ABSTRACT
Background: The three-dimensional (3D) printing is paradigm shift in the healthcare sector. 3D printing is platform technologies in which complex products are developed with less number of additives. The easy development process gives edge over the conventional methods. Every individual needs specific dose treatment. 'One size fits all' is the current traditional approach that can shift to more individual specific in 3D printing. The present review aims to cover different perspectives regarding selection of drug, polymer and technological aspects for 3D printing. With respect to clinical practice, regulatory issue and industrial potential are also discussed in this paper. Main body: The individualization of medicines with patient centric dosage form will become reality in upcoming future. It provides individual's need of dose by considering genetic profile, physiology and diseased condition. The tailormade dosages with unique drug loading and release profile of different geometrical shapes and sizes can easily deliver therapeutic dose. The technology can fulfill growing demand of efficiency in the dose accuracy for the patient oriented sectors like pediatric, geriatric and also easy to comply with cGMP requirements of regulated market. The clinical practice can focus on prescribing each individual's necessity of dose. Conclusion: In the year 2015, FDA approved first 3D printed drug product, which is initiator in the new phase of manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. The tailormade formulations can be made in future for personalized medications. Regulatory approval from agencies can bring the 3DP product into the market. In the future, formulators can bring different sector-specific products for personalized need through 3DP pharmaceutical product.
ABSTRACT
In light of recently increased e-commerce, also a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study examines how additive manufacturing (AM) can contribute to e-commerce supply chain network resilience, profitability and competitiveness. With the recent competitive supply chain challenges, companies aim to decrease cost performance metrics and increase responsiveness. In this work, we aim to establish utilisation policies for AM in a supply chain network so that companies can simultaneously improve their total network cost and response time performance metrics. We propose three different utilisation policies, i.e. reactive, proactive – both with 3D printing support – and a policy excluding AM usage in the system. A simulation optimisation process for 136 experiments under various input design factors for an (s, S) inventory control policy is carried out. We also completed a statistical analysis to identify significant factors (i.e. AM, holding cost, lead time, response time, demand amount, etc.) affecting the performance of the studied retailer supply chain. Results show that utilising AM in such a network can prove beneficial, and where the reactive policy contributes significantly to the network performance metrics. Practically, this work has important managerial implications in defining the most appropriate policies to achieve optimisation of supply network operations and resilience with the aid of AM, especially in times of turbulence and uncertainty. © 2022 The Authors
ABSTRACT
In response to the respiratory protection device shortage during the COVID-19 pandemic, the additive manufacturing (AM) community designed and disseminated numerous AM face masks. Questions regarding the effectiveness of AM masks arose because these masks were often designed with limited (if any) functional performance evaluation. In this study, we present a fit evaluation methodology in which AM face masks are virtually donned on a standard digital headform using finite element-based numerical simulations. We then extract contour plots to visualize the contact patches and gaps and quantify the leakage surface area for each mask frame. We also use the methodology to evaluate the effects of adding a foam gasket and variable face mask sizing, and finally propose a series of best practices. Herein, the methodology is focused only on characterizing the fit of AM mask frames and does not considering filter material or overall performance. We found that AM face masks may provide a sufficiently good fit if the sizing is appropriate and if a sealing gasket material is present to fill the gaps between the mask and face. Without these precautions, the rigid nature of AM materials combined with the wide variation in facial morphology likely results in large gaps and insufficient adaptability to varying user conditions which may render the AM face masks ineffective.
ABSTRACT
This work presents the development of an individual protection device, a smart and active ventilated face shield that can also incorporate an air filtering system. The device can work with the front shield or just with the ventilation structure. The system was produced by additive manufacturing technology, based on a chassis that incorporates an electronic control unit, a rechargeable battery, a fan, and a humidity/temperature sensor. The performed system tests showed that the forced ventilation system prevents fogging even in the most adverse situations and increases user comfort when it is used simultaneously with an individual protective face mask, due to the air flow generated by the integrated fan. The filtered ventilated air guarantees the user's safety. Results also show that, with or without the front visor, the equipment prevents fogging, both on the face shield and glasses for users who wear them. The forced air flow promotes isolation of the breathing zone, decreasing the contact with potentially contaminated aerosols, thus reducing the risk of contagion. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
In this work, applications of microfluidic devices in the field of biomedical engineering will be described, with special focus on point-of-care tools (POC). These are devices offering rapid and easy-to-read diagnostic assays of various diseases or physiological conditions (COVID-19, allergies, cardiovascular diseases, tumours, pregnancy, etc.) that often can be applied by non-medically trained persons. Microfluidic devices play an important role in the development of POC tools. Recent advances in novel fabrication methods and multi-technology approaches allow to overcome common limitations, such as high cost, complex fluidic controls and pumping systems, or requiring specialized labour equipment and well-trained operators. Hence, these devices can be made available for a broad range of patients that might not have sufficient medical facilities. The influence of point-of-care tools on society, medical practice and early diagnosis will be discussed. Copyright © 2022 The Authors.
ABSTRACT
Building a local supply chain requires separating the regions and creating alliances with local partners and customers, resulting in a new business model. In local supply chains, the factory procures material, parts, and preassembled elements from local suppliers and sells the final products to local customers. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has the potential to enable a more local, globally connected, and efficient supply chain through reduced inventory and transportation costs transforming the make-to-stock to the make-on-demand production cycle. In this study, we use an integrated Interpretive Structural Model and Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory technique to explore and assess the challenges faced by the 3DP companies to become enabling partners in the localized supply chains. The scope of the study, which was limited to 3DP of medical parts and components, identified that regulatory compliance, stringent quality standards, and lack of design expertise are significant barriers to developing localized three-dimensional printing ecosystems. Furthermore, the study identified immediate support from the local government, the high collaboration between the stakeholders, and the need for change in business approach as the key drivers for developing 3DP-enabled localized supply chain ecosystems. IEEE
ABSTRACT
Additive manufacturing (AM) technology is a new way of manufacturing components by depositing materials layer by layer according to a digital model. Since its birth in the 1980s, AM has offered new opportunities to manufacturers, and has given rise to new applications. Several three-dimensional (3D) processes exist, each having specific properties and different types of technology. While AM offers significant benefits, it also presents some challenges to designers that must be understood and addressed. This article reviews the advances in this field, the main processes studied or used, and their characteristics, including the main parameters influencing product quality. We summarize all the factors in fishbone diagrams for each AM family. Finally, some AF industrial applications were discussed with its use and contribution to the fight against COVID-19 during the pandemic. © 2022 Rajae Jemghili et al.
ABSTRACT
In the light of COVID-19 pandemic, a global shortage for Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) led to the search for an alternative to fill the gap where additive manufacturing made necessary development of rapid design and adaptive filtering masks for local manufacturing using 3D printing to help the frontline workers. The review focuses on the utilization of antimicrobial materials in additive manufacturing with the use of bespoke design to facilitate and respond to the disruptions in the medical supply chain. Previous studies confirmed the age-old theory of copper as an antimicrobial material with contact killing properties. The antimicrobial properties of copper have been registered at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as the first solid antimicrobial material. Combining the properties of copper in a PLA (Polylactic Acid) filament as a nano composite, Copper-3D facilitates the antimicrobial properties to any 3D printed object. Provided this flexibility of 3D printing, the use of masks designed distinctively based on the 3D scan of an individual's facial structures as an efficient Personnel Protective Equipment is also addressed. Additive manufacturing as a support to the shortage of medical devices and a responsive method to the disruption in the supply chain is discussed.
ABSTRACT
As post-COVID complications, chronic respiratory diseases are one of the foremost causes of mortality. The quest for a cure for this recent global challenge underlines that the lack of predictive in vitro lung models is one of the main bottlenecks in pulmonary preclinical drug development. Despite rigorous efforts to develop biomimetic in vitro lung models, the current cutting-edge models represent a compromise in numerous technological and biological aspects. Most advanced in vitro models are still in the "proof-of-concept" phase with a low clinical translation of the findings. On the other hand, advances in cellular and molecular studies are mainly based on relatively simple and unrealistic in vitro models. Herein, the current challenges and potential strategies toward not only bioinspired but truly biomimetic lung models are discussed.
Subject(s)
Biomimetics , COVID-19 , Humans , LungABSTRACT
This work presents the development of an individual protection device, a smart and active ventilated face shield that can also incorporate an air filtering system. The device can work with the front shield or just with the ventilation structure. The system was produced by additive manufacturing technology, based on a chassis that incorporates an electronic control unit, a rechargeable battery, a fan, and a humidity/temperature sensor. The performed system tests showed that the forced ventilation system prevents fogging even in the most adverse situations and increases user comfort when it is used simultaneously with an individual protective face mask, due to the air flow generated by the integrated fan. The filtered ventilated air guarantees the user's safety. Results also show that, with or without the front visor, the equipment prevents fogging, both on the face shield and glasses for users who wear them. The forced air flow promotes isolation of the breathing zone, decreasing the contact with potentially contaminated aerosols, thus reducing the risk of contagion. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
In this work, applications of microfluidic devices in the field of biomedical engineering will be described, with special focus on point-of-care tools (POC). These are devices offering rapid and easy-to-read diagnostic assays of various diseases or physiological conditions (COVID-19, allergies, cardiovascular diseases, tumours, pregnancy, etc.) that often can be applied by non-medically trained persons. Microfluidic devices play an important role in the development of POC tools. Recent advances in novel fabrication methods and multi-technology approaches allow to overcome common limitations, such as high cost, complex fluidic controls and pumping systems, or requiring specialized labour equipment and well-trained operators. Hence, these devices can be made available for a broad range of patients that might not have sufficient medical facilities. The influence of point-of-care tools on society, medical practice and early diagnosis will be discussed. Copyright (c) 2022 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)